Methods and apparatus for processing data packets originated from a mobile computing device to destinations at a wireless network node

ABSTRACT

Methods and apparatus for processing data packets originated from a mobile computing device to destinations at a wireless network node. The wireless network node receives an access request from the mobile computing device for the data packet transmission to the destinations and determines an identifier of the mobile computing device. The wireless network node then determines whether the identifier is in a wireless network node database. When the identifier is not in the wireless network node database, the wireless network node suspends to process data packets received from the mobile computing device and communicates with a server to determine whether status of the mobile computing device in a server database is the first state.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates to processing data packets originated froma mobile computing device to destinations at a wireless network node.

BACKGROUND ART

Using a public WLAN service is one of the most common ways for a user ofa mobile computing device to access Internet. The user is required to doan authentication at a captive portal webpage before using the publicWLAN service. Once the authentication is successful, the user is allowedto use the public WLAN service within a predetermined period. In a largearea, such as a shopping mall, a stadium, a campus, a public WLANservice provider uses a plurality of wireless network nodes to covermost of the area in order to provide stable WLAN service to public. Itis desirable for the user to do a single authentication in order to usethe WLAN service within the large area when the user is moving from onewireless network node signal coverage to another wireless network nodesignal coverage. However, the user is sometimes required to redo anauthentication when moving from one wireless network node to anotherwireless network node even the predetermined period has not expired.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses methods and apparatus for processingdata packets originated from a mobile computing device to destinationsat a wireless network node. The wireless network node receives an accessrequest from the mobile computing device for the data packettransmission to the destinations and determines an identifier of themobile computing device. The wireless network node then determineswhether the identifier is in a wireless network node database. When theidentifier is in the wireless network node database, the wirelessnetwork node determines whether status of the mobile computing device isa first state. When the status of the mobile computing device is thefirst state, the wireless network node allows the mobile computingdevice to transmit data packets to the destinations. When the status ofthe mobile computing device is a second state, the wireless network noderedirects the mobile computing device to do an authentication. When theidentifier is not in the wireless network node database, the wirelessnetwork node suspends to process data packets received from the mobilecomputing device and communicates with a server to determine whetherstatus of the mobile computing device in a server database is the firststate. When the status of the mobile computing device in the serverdatabase is the first state, the wireless network node updates thestatus of the mobile computing device in the wireless network nodedatabase with the first state and allows the mobile computing device totransmit the data packets to the destinations. When the status of themobile computing device in the server database is not the first state,the wireless network node updates the wireless network node databasewith the second state and redirects the mobile computing device to do anauthentication.

According to one of the embodiments of the present invention, thewireless network node, when the authentication is successful, updatesthe status of the mobile computing device with the first state in thewireless network node database and allows the wireless device totransmit the data packets to the destinations upon a successfulauthentication.

According to one of the embodiments of the present invention, thewireless network node does not allow the mobile computing device totransmit data packets to the destinations when the authentication isunsuccessful.

According to one of the embodiments of the present invention, the mobilecomputing device includes at least one web browser. The web-browser isredirected to a captive portal webpage for a user of the mobilecomputing device to do the authentication. The captive portal webpageincludes multiple of social media links for the user of the mobilecomputing device to select to do the authentication. The authenticationis done at the captive portal webpage by manually entering a registeredusername and password for one of the multiple of social media links thatis selected by the user.

According to one of the embodiments of the present invention, theidentifier is Media Access Control (MAC) address of the wireless device.

According to one of the embodiments of the present invention, the firststate relates to an identity of the user of the mobile computing devicebeing successfully authenticated and the second state relates to anidentity of the user of the mobile computing device not beingsuccessfully authenticated.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the present invention is more fully understood, referenceshall now be made to the figures as shown in the accompanying drawingsheets, wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates a network system according to one of the embodimentsof the present invention;

FIG. 2 illustrates a network system with a mobile computing devicemoving from one wireless network node to another wireless network nodeaccording to one of the embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of a network node according to one ofthe embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 4 illustrates a workflow of authenticating a mobile computingdevice at a wireless network node according to one of the embodiments ofthe present invention;

FIG. 5 illustrates a workflow of checking status of a mobile computingdevice in a server database at a server upon receiving a request from awireless network node according to one of the embodiments of the presentinvention;

FIG. 6 illustrates a workflow of redirecting a mobile computing deviceto a captive portal webpage to do an authentication according to one ofthe embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 7A to FIG. 7D illustrate a sequence of redirecting a mobilecomputing device to a captive portal webpage and authenticating themobile computing device at the captive portal webpage as illustrated ona display panel of a mobile computing device according to one of theembodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 8 illustrates a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wirelessnetwork node receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in”state from a server before the mobile computing device sends Internetconnectivity check;

FIG. 9 illustrates a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wirelessnetwork node receives status of mobile computing device as “NotLogged-in” state from a server before the mobile computing device sendsInternet connectivity check;

FIG. 10 illustrates a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wirelessnetwork node receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in”state from a server before the mobile computing device sends anauthentication user interface request;

FIG. 11 illustrates a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wirelessnetwork node receives status of mobile computing device as “NotLogged-in” state from a server before the mobile computing device sendsan authentication user interface request;

FIG. 12 illustrates a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wirelessnetwork node receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in”state from a server after the mobile computing device receives contentof an authentication user interface from the server;

FIG. 13 illustrates a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wirelessnetwork node receives status of mobile computing device as “NotLogged-in” state from a server after the mobile computing devicereceives content of an authentication user interface from the server;

FIG. 14 illustrates a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wirelessnetwork node keeps discarding Internet connectivity check received froma mobile computing device until the wireless network node receivesstatus of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state from a server;

FIG. 15 illustrates a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wirelessnetwork node keeps discarding Internet connectivity check received froma mobile computing device until the wireless network node receivesstatus of mobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” state from aserver;

FIG. 16 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wireless networknode receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” statefrom a server before sending a predetermined value subject to anoperating system used by a mobile computing device;

FIG. 17 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that a wireless networknode receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” statefrom a server and directs Internet connectivity check request receivedfrom a mobile computing device to a predetermined destination; and

FIG. 18 is a sequence diagram for indicating that a wireless networknode receives status of mobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” statefrom a server before sending redirection to an authentication userinterface.

DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

The ensuing description provides preferred exemplary embodiment(s) andexemplary embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope,applicability or configuration of the invention. Rather, the ensuingdescription of the preferred exemplary embodiment(s) and exemplaryembodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enablingdescription for implementing a preferred exemplary embodiment of theinvention. It is understood that various changes may be made in thefunction and arrangement of elements without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Also, it is noted that the embodiments may be described as a processwhich is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, astructure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describethe operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can beperformed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of theoperations may be rearranged. A process is terminated when itsoperations are completed, but could have additional steps not includedin the figure. A process may correspond to a method, a function, aprocedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process correspondsto a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the functionto the calling function or the main function.

Embodiments, or portions thereof, may be embodied in programinstructions operable upon a processing unit for performing functionsand operations as described herein. The program instructions making upthe various embodiments may be stored in a storage unit, such as asecondary storage.

Moreover, as disclosed herein, the term “secondary storage” and “mainmemory” may represent one or more devices for storing data, includingread only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), magnetic RAM, corememory, magnetic disk storage mediums, optical storage mediums, flashmemory devices and/or other machine readable mediums for storinginformation. The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but is notlimited to portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices,wireless channels and various other mediums capable of storing,containing or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. A machine-readablemedium can be realized by virtualization, and can be a virtual machinereadable medium including a virtual machine readable medium in acloud-based instance.

Furthermore, embodiments may be implemented by hardware, software,firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or anycombination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middlewareor microcode, the program instructions or code segments to perform thenecessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium such asstorage unit. A processing unit(s) may perform the necessary tasks. Aprocessing unit(s) can be a CPU, an ASIC semiconductor chip, asemiconductor chip, a logical unit, a digital processor, an analogprocessor, a FPGA or any processor that is capable of performing logicaland arithmetic functions. A program instruction may represent aprocedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine,a module, a software package, a class, or any combination ofinstructions, data structures, or program statements. A programinstruction may be coupled to another program instruction or a hardwarecircuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments,parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters,data. etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitablemeans including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, networktransmission, etc. A processing unit(s) can be realized byvirtualization, and can be a virtual processing unit(s) including avirtual processing unit in a cloud-based instance.

A network interface may be implemented by a standalone electroniccomponent or may be integrated with other electronic components. Anetwork interface may have no network connection or at least one networkconnection depending on the configuration. A network interface is onlyconnected to one accessible network. Therefore, there may be more thanone network connection being carried by one accessible network. Anetwork interface may be an Ethernet interface, a frame relay interface,a fibre optic interface, a cable interface, a DSL interface, a tokenring interface, a serial bus interface, a universal serial bus (USB)interface, Firewire interface, Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)interface, etc.

Embodiments, or portions thereof, may be embodied in a computer datasignal, which may be in any suitable form for communication over atransmission medium such that it is readable for execution by afunctional device (e.g., processing unit) for performing the operationsdescribed herein. The computer data signal may include any binarydigital electronic signal that can propagate over a transmission mediumsuch as electronic network channels, optical fibers, air,electromagnetic media, radio frequency (RF) links, and the like, andthus the data signal may be in the form of an electrical signal, opticalsignal, radio frequency or other wireless communication signal, etc. Theprogram instructions may, in certain embodiments, be downloaded viacomputer networks such as the Internet, an intranet, LAN, MAN, WAN, thePSTN, a satellite communication system, a cable transmission system,and/or the like.

FIG. 1 illustrates network system 100 according to one of theembodiments of the present invention. Network system 100 includesnetwork 110, a plurality of wireless network nodes 120, 121 and 122, aplurality of mobile computing devices 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136and 137 and server 150.

Wireless network nodes 120, 121 and 122 may include a router, a gateway,a modem, a network switch, or other suitable device for providing mobilecomputing devices 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 and 137 an access tonetwork 110 for data transmission and data reception. Wireless networknodes 120, 121, 122 are capable of communicating with mobile computingdevices 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 and 137 via a wired or awireless link. Wireless network nodes 120, 121 and 122 is also capableof communicating with network 110 via a wired or a wireless link.

Mobile computing devices 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 and 137 mayinclude a smartphone, a tablet computer, a personal digital assistant(PDA), an e-reader or a laptop computer. Mobile computing devices 130,131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 and 137 may also include functionality forwireless communication, such as BLUETOOTH communication, near-fieldcommunication (NFC), infrared (IR) communication, communication with awireless local area network (WLAN) or cellular-telephone network.

FIG. 3 is an illustrative block diagram of network node 120 according toone of the embodiments of the present invention. Network node 120comprises processing unit 300, main memory 301, system bus 302,secondary storage 303, and plurality of network interfaces 304.Processing unit 300 and main memory 301 are connected to each otherdirectly. System bus 302 connects processing unit 300 directly orindirectly to secondary storage 303, and plurality of network interfaces304. Using system bus 302 allows network node 120 to have increasedmodularity. System bus 302 couples processing unit 300 to secondarystorage 303, and plurality of network interfaces 304. System bus 302 canbe any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus, aperipheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of busarchitectures. Secondary storage 303 stores program instructions forexecution by processing unit 300. Secondary storage 303 further storesconditions, wherein classification of established end-to-end connectionsinto different groups depends on whether or not the establishedend-to-end connections satisfy the conditions.

FIG. 4 illustrates a workflow of authenticating a mobile computingdevice at a wireless network node. A wireless network node communicateswith mobile computing devices via WLAN connection.

In one particular embodiment, mobile computing device 130 is locatedwithin WLAN signal range of wireless network node 120. If a user ofmobile computing device 130 wishes to communicate with network 110 viawireless network node 120 in order to reduce mobile data consumption orobtain more stable network connection, the user turns on a WLANtransceiver of mobile computing device 130 in order to attempt toconnect with wireless network node 120 via WLAN connection.

Wireless network node 120 detects mobile computing device 130 within itsWLAN signal range. At Step 401, an access request made by mobilecomputing device 130 is received by wireless network node 120. Mobilecomputing device 130 sends access request 801 to wireless network node120 as illustrated in FIG. 8-FIG. 15. Wireless network node 120 thenreturns access request acknowledgement 802 to mobile computing device130.

Wireless network node 120 then determines the identity of mobilecomputing device 130 at Step 402. The identity, for example, is mediaaccess control (MAC) address of mobile computing device 130.

Processing unit 300 then determines whether the MAC address of mobilecomputing device 130 is identified in a wireless network node databasestored in secondary storage 303 at Step 403.

If the MAC address is identified in the wireless network node database,processing unit 300 then determines whether status of mobile computingdevice 130 is “Logged-in” state or not at Step 404. If the status ofmobile computing device 130 is “Logged-in” state, mobile computingdevice 130 is allowed to access wireless network node 120 via WLANconnection to communicate with network 110 at Step 415. A “Logged-in”state indicates that a mobile computing device has been successfullyauthenticated via a user of the mobile computing device to sign in orlog in with a credential. The term of “Logged-in” state can be any datarepresentation, including a binary, a string, a character or a text.

At Step 403, if the MAC address is not identified in database stored insecondary storage 303, processing unit 300 will suspend to process anyInternet Protocol (IP) data packets, for example, Internet connectivitycheck 806, received from mobile computing device 130 at Step 405. Duringsuspension, processing unit 300 will discard IP data packets. Wirelessnetwork node 120 then communicates with server 150 in order to determinewhether status of mobile computing device 130 in a server databasestored in server 150 is “Logged-in” state or not, based on the MACaddress of mobile computing device 130 at Step 406.

Internet connectivity check 806 is allowed to be transmitted topredetermined destinations when wireless network node 120 grants anaccess to mobile computing device 130. After the predetermineddestinations receive the Internet connectivity check 806, thepredetermined destinations should return Internet connectivity checkacknowledgement 807. The predetermined destinations are designated byvendor of mobile computing device 130 or vendor of an operating systemused in mobile computing device 130.

In the scenario illustrated by FIG. 14 and FIG. 15, wireless networknode 120 sends request for determining status of mobile computing device803 to server 150. Mobile computing device 130 sends first Internetconnectivity check 806 a to wireless network node 120. As wirelessnetwork node 120 has no knowledge of status of mobile computing device130, wireless network node 120 discards first Internet connectivitycheck 806 a and waits for status of mobile computing device as“Logged-in” state 804 or status of mobile computing device as “NotLogged-in” state 905 from server 150. Mobile computing device 130 doesnot receive any feedback or response from wireless network node 120.When mobile computing device 130 does not receive any feedback orresponse after a period of time, mobile computing device 130 sendssecond Internet connectivity check 806 b to wireless network node 120.If wireless network node 120 has not received status of mobile computingdevice from server 150 when it receives second Internet connectivitycheck 806 b, wireless network node 120 then discards second Internetconnectivity check 806 b.

When mobile computing device 130 repeatedly sends Internet connectivitycheck 806 to wireless network node 120, wireless network node 120 willthen keep discarding Internet connectivity checks 806 until it receivesstatus of mobile computing device from server 150. For illustrationpurpose, as the scenario illustrated in FIG. 14, wireless network node120 keeps discarding Internet connectivity check 806 received frommobile computing device 130 until it receives status of mobile computingdevice as “Logged-in” state 804 from server 150. As illustrated in FIG.14, after wireless network node 120 receives kth Internet connectivitycheck 806 c and discards kth Internet connectivity check 806 c, wirelessnetwork node 120 receives status of mobile computing device as“Logged-in” state 804 from server 150. Wireless network node 120 willthen allow data packets to be transmitted from mobile computing device130 to network 110 because mobile computing device 130 has beenauthenticated. When mobile computing device 130 sends k+1th Internetconnectivity check 806 d, which is transmitted to the predetermineddestinations through wireless network node 120, the predetermineddestinations should then return Internet connectivity checkacknowledgement 807 to mobile computing device 130.

At Step 407, if the status of mobile computing device 130 received fromserver 150 is “Logged-in” state, processing unit 300 updates thewireless network node database with status of mobile computing device130 as “Logged-in” state based on the MAC address at Step 413. Step 415will then be performed.

If the status of mobile computing device 130 received from server 150 is“Not Logged-in” state, processing unit 300 updates the wireless networknode database with the status of mobile computing device 130 as “NotLogged-in” state based on the MAC address at Step 408. A “Not Logged-in”state indicates that a mobile computing device is not authenticated. Theterm of “Not Logged-in” state can be any data representation, includinga binary, a string, a character or a text.

At Step 409, mobile computing device 130 is redirected to a captiveportal webpage for authentication. A captive portal webpage is a webpagethat a user of wireless network node 120 is obliged to view and interactwith before an access is granted.

FIG. 15 illustrates a scenario that wireless network node 120 keepsdiscarding Internet connectivity check 806 received from mobilecomputing device 130 until it receives status of mobile computing deviceas “Not Logged-in” state 905 from server 150. As mobile computing device130 was not authenticated, wireless network node 120 does not allow anydata packets to be transmitted from mobile computing device 130 tonetwork 110. For example, wireless network node 120 receives status ofmobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” state 905 after it receiveskth Internet connectivity check 806 c and discards kth Internetconnectivity check 806 c. After mobile computing device 130 sends k+1thInternet connectivity check 806 d to wireless network node 120, wirelessnetwork node 120 returns “redirection to an user interface” 908 a tomobile computing device 130 to indicate that no access is granted andmobile computing device is prompted to be redirected to the captiveportal webpage. Web browser 700 as shown in FIG. 7 is then shown ondisplay panel 140 of mobile computing device 130. Mobile computingdevice 130 then sends authentication user interface request 909 a towireless network node 120 for attempting to access the captive portalwebpage. Wireless network node 120 returns “redirection to an userinterface” 908 b to mobile computing device. Mobile computing device 130will then send authentication user interface request 909 b, which isallowed to be transmitted to server 150. Server 150 will return contentof an authentication user interface 910. The authentication userinterface, for example, is a captive portal webpage.

At Step 410, processing unit 300 determines whether the authenticationof mobile computing device 130 is successful or not based on a responsereceived. If the authentication is successful, Step 413 will beperformed. If the authentication is not successful, processing unit 300will update the wireless network node database with status of mobilecomputing device 130 as “Not Logged-in” state based on the MAC addressat Step 411 and mobile computing device 130 is not allowed tocommunicate with network 110 at Step 412.

At Step 404, if the status of mobile computing device 130 is “NotLogged-in” state in the wireless network node database, Steps 409 willthen be performed.

In one variant, server 150 is a remote server or a cloud server, whichcommunicates with wireless network node 120 via network 110, and notlocated in the same premise of or the same LAN of any of wirelessnetwork nodes 120, 121 and 122 for direct communication. One of thebenefits of using a remote server or a cloud server, for example, anadministrator of wireless network nodes 120, 121 and 123 is not requiredto setup and maintain its own server as the remote server or the cloudserver may be provided by vendor of wireless network nodes 120, 121 and122 or a third party. Further, the administrator of wireless networknodes 120, 121 and 123 is allowed to administrate network nodes 120, 121and 122 remotely via a user interface provided by server 150.

In one variant, Step 405 is not included in the workflow as illustratedin FIG. 4. When the MAC address of mobile computing device 130 is notidentified in the wireless network node database at Step 403, Step 406will then be performed. At Step 407, wireless network node 120 receivesstatus of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804 or status ofmobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” state 905 from server 150.FIG. 8 to FIG. 13 illustrate sequences of responses made by mobilecomputing device 130, wireless network node 130, server 150 and apredetermined destination when wireless network node 120 receives statusof mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804 or status of mobilecomputing device as “Not Logged-in” state 905 at different time period.

One of the advantages of including Step 405 in the workflow asillustrated in FIG. 4 is to reduce a chance of displaying a message ondisplay panel 140 of mobile computing device 130 in comparison with theworkflow of FIG. 4 without Step 405. The message may be a sentence, aword or a text. The message results from authentication user interfacerequest acknowledgement 809 received from the predetermined destination.It is not desirable to display the message to the user of mobilecomputing device 130 because the message may not be a meaningful to theuser or may make the user confused. The message displayed on displaypanel 140 results from a sequence of responses as illustrated in FIG.10.

Another advantage of including Step 405 in the workflow as illustratedin FIG. 4 is to reduce a chance of doing authentication more than onceat the captive portal webpage, in comparison with the workflow of FIG. 4without Step 405. It is not desirable for the user of mobile computingdevice 130 to do authentication more than once in order to grant accessto wireless network node 120 even the status of mobile computing device130 is “Logged-in” state in server database.

FIG. 5 illustrates actions performed by server 150 upon receipt of arequest for determining status of mobile computing device 130 fromwireless network node 120. At Step 501, server 150 receives a requestfor determining status of mobile computing device 130 in the serverdatabase based on the identification, such as, MAC address of mobilecomputing device 130 from wireless network node 120. At Step 502, server150 determines whether the status of mobile computing device 130 is“Logged-in” state or not. At Step 503, if the status of mobile computingdevice 130 is not “Logged-in” state, status of mobile computing deviceas “Not Logged-in” state 905 is sent to wireless network node 120. AtStep 504, if the status of mobile computing device 130 is “Logged-in”state, status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804 issent to wireless network node 120.

FIG. 6 illustrates actions performed by server 150 upon receipt of arequest for redirecting a mobile computing device 130 to a captiveportal webpage from a wireless network node 120. At Step 601, server 150receives a request for redirecting a mobile computing device 130 to acaptive portal webpage from wireless network node 120. At Step 602,server 150 allows the user of mobile computing device 130 to do anauthentication. At Step 603, server 150 determines whether theauthentication is successful. In one particular embodiment, theauthentication is performed by entering a registered username andpassword of the user of mobile computing device for any one of socialmedia links designated by the administrator of wireless network node 120at the captive portal webpage as shown in FIG. 7B. The user selects oneof the social media at the captive portal webpage and then enters theusername and password for the selected social media. If the user entersthe username and password correctly, Server 150 will be notified thatthe authentication is successful and will then send an “authorization”response to wireless network node 120 at Step 605. Server 150 thenupdates the server database with status of mobile computing device 130as “Logged-in” state based on the MAC address at Step 606. If the userenters the username and password incorrectly, Server 150 will benotified that the authentication is not successful and will then send a“decline” response to wireless network node 120.

FIGS. 7A to 7B illustrate graphic representations displayed on displaypanel 140 of mobile computing device 130 for the user of mobilecomputing device 130 to do the authentication at the captive portalwebpage.

FIG. 7A illustrates that a web browser 700 such as MICROSOFT INTERNETEXPLORER, APPLE SAFARI, GOOGLE CHROME or MOZILLA FIREFOX is popped up ondisplay panel 140. The captive portal webpage is shown on web browser700 as illustrated in FIG. 7B. For example, the captive portal webpage,includes information such as welcome message, conditions for using WLANconnection, disclaimers or any information that the administrator ofwireless network node 120 wishes to display at the captive portalwebpage. The captive portal webpage further includes three buttons 701,702 and 703. Buttons 701, 702 and 703 represents a link to Social Media1, a link to Social Media 2 and a link to Social Media 3 respectively.For example, Social Media 1, Social Media 2 and Social Media 3 representFACEBOOK, WECHAT, LINKEDIN respectively. The user is allowed to selectany one of the social media links that the user already registered, byclicking the corresponding button.

For example, the user already registered Social Media 1 and hadcorresponding username and password for Social Media 1. The user selectsSocial Media 1 by clicking button 701 at the captive portal webpage. Webbrowser 700 will be redirected to a “Log-in” webpage of Social Media 1as illustrated in FIG. 7C. The user is allowed to enter the username forSocial Media 1 at text field 705 and the password for Social Media 1 attext field 706. If the user enters the username and password correctly,an identity of the user is then authenticated. Server 150 will benotified by Social Media 1 that the authentication is successful andwill send an authorization response to wireless network node 120. Mobilecomputing device 130 is allowed to access wireless network node 120 andthen communicates with network 110.

Web browser 700 will also display how long WLAN connection period isgranted. For example, a WLAN connection period of one hour is granted asillustrated in FIG. 7D. The WLAN connection period is determined by theadministrator of wireless network node 120. The WLAN connection periodmay be ten hours, five hours, two hours, one hours or even 30 minutes.The status of mobile computing device 130 in the server database will beupdated as “Not Logged-in” after expiration of the WLAN connectionperiod. Server 150 will also notify wireless network node 120 about theexpiration of the WLAN connection period. Wireless network node 120 willupdate the wireless network node database with status of mobilecomputing device 120 as “Not Logged-in” or will delete the MAC addressof mobile computing device 130 from the wireless network node database.

FIG. 2 illustrates mobile computing device 130 moving from a WLAN signalrange of wireless network node 120 in FIG. 1 to a WLAN signal range ofwireless network 121. The workflow as illustrated in FIG. 4 will beperformed by wireless network node 121. At Step 403, for illustrationpurpose, when the MAC address is not identified in a wireless networknode database of wireless network 121, wireless network node 121 willperform Step 405. At Step 407, the status of mobile computing device 130in server 150 is “Logged-in” because mobile computing device 130 wasauthenticated at the time that it was connected with wireless networknode 120. Wireless network node 121 will then perform Steps 413.

As mobile computing device 130 is out of the WLAN signal range ofwireless network node 120, wireless network node 120 is no longer ableto detect mobile computing device 130. The MAC address of mobilecomputing device 130 will then be deleted from the wireless network nodedatabase of wireless network node 120 after expiration of apredetermined period, for example five minutes, two minutes or oneminute. The predetermined period is determined by the administrator ofwireless network node 120.

FIG. 8 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804from server 150 before mobile computing device 130 sends Internetconnectivity check 806. Mobile computing device 130 sends access request801 to wireless network node 120 and wireless network node 120 returnsaccess request acknowledge 802 to mobile computing device 130. Wirelessnetwork node 120 then determines the status of mobile computing device130 in the wireless network database based on the MAC address of mobilecomputing device 130. If the MAC address of mobile computing device 130is not identified, wireless network node 120 will send request fordetermining status of mobile computing device 803 in the serverdatabase. Wireless network device 120 receives status of mobilecomputing device as “Logged in” state 804 from server 150 before mobilecomputing device sends Internet connectivity check 806. Mobile computingdevice 130 sends Internet connectivity check 806 that will then bereceived by the predetermined destinations. The predetermineddestinations return Internet connectivity check acknowledgement 807 tothe mobile computing device 130.

FIG. 9 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” statefrom server 150 before mobile computing device 130 sends Internetconnectivity check 806. Mobile computing device 130 sends access request801 to wireless network node 120 and wireless network node 120 returnsaccess request acknowledge 802 to mobile computing device 130. Wirelessnetwork node 120 then determines the status of mobile computing device130 in the wireless network database based on the MAC address of mobilecomputing device 130. If the MAC address of mobile computing device 130is not identified, wireless network node 120 will send a request fordetermining status of mobile computing device 803 in the serverdatabase. Wireless network device 120 receives status of mobilecomputing device as “Not Logged-in” state 905 from server 150 beforemobile computing device sends Internet connectivity check 806. Wirelessnetwork device 120 receives Internet connectivity check 806 from mobilecomputing device 130. Wireless network device 120 returns “redirectionto an authentication user interface” 908 a to mobile computing device130. Mobile computing device 130 then sends authentication userinterface request 909 a to wireless network device 120. Wireless networkdevice 120 returns “redirection to an authentication user interface” 908b to mobile computing device 130. Mobile computing device 130 then sendsauthentication user interface request 909 b, which is received by server150. Server 150 sends content of an authentication user interface 910 tomobile computing device 130.

FIG. 10 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804from server 150 before the mobile computing device 130 sendsauthentication user interface request 909. Mobile computing device 130sends access request 801 to wireless network node 120 and wirelessnetwork node 120 returns access request acknowledge 802 to mobilecomputing device 130. Wireless network node 120 then determines statusof mobile computing device 130 in the wireless network database based onthe MAC address of mobile computing device 130. If the MAC address ofmobile computing device 130 is not identified, wireless network node 120will send request for determining status of mobile computing device 803in the server database. Mobile computing device 130 sends Internetconnectivity check 806 to wireless network node 120 and wireless networknode 120 returns “redirection to an authentication user interface” 908to mobile computing device 130. Before mobile computing device 130 sendsauthentication interface request 909, wireless network node receivesstatus of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804 from server150. Mobile computing device 130 then sends authentication interfacerequest 909, which will be received by the predetermined destinations.The predetermined destination then sends authentication user interfacerequest acknowledgement 809 to mobile computing device 130.

FIG. 11 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” state905 from server 150 before mobile computing device 130 sendsauthentication user interface request 909. Mobile computing device 130sends access request 801 to wireless network node 120 and wirelessnetwork node 120 returns access request acknowledge 802 to mobilecomputing device 130. Wireless network node 120 then determines thestatus of mobile computing device 130 in the wireless network databasebased on the MAC address of mobile computing device 130. If the MACaddress of mobile computing device 130 is not identified, wirelessnetwork node 120 will send request for determining status of mobilecomputing device 803 in the server database. Mobile computing device 130sends Internet connectivity check 806 to wireless network node 120 andwireless network node 120 returns “redirection to an authentication userinterface” 908 a to mobile computing device 130. Before mobile computingdevice 130 sends authentication interface request 909 a, wirelessnetwork node receives status of mobile computing device as “NotLogged-in” state 905 from server 150. Wireless network 120 then receivesauthentication interface request 909 a from mobile computing device 130.Wireless network device 120 returns “redirection to an authenticationuser interface” 908 b to mobile computing device 130. Mobile computingdevice 130 sends authentication user interface request 909 b, which isallowed to be transmitted to server 150. Server 150 sends content of anauthentication user interface 910 to mobile computing device 130.

FIG. 12 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state fromserver 150 after mobile computing device 130 receives content of anauthentication user interface 910 from server 150. Mobile computingdevice 130 sends access request 801 to wireless network node 120 andwireless network node 120 returns access request acknowledge 802 tomobile computing device 130. Wireless network node 120 then determinethe status of mobile computing device 130 in the wireless networkdatabase based on the MAC address of mobile computing device 130. If theMAC address of mobile computing device 130 is not identified, wirelessnetwork node 120 will send request for determining status of mobilecomputing device 803 in the server database. Mobile computing device 130sends Internet connectivity check 806 to wireless network node 120 andwireless network node 120 returns “redirection to an authentication userinterface” 908 a to mobile computing device 130. Mobile computing device130 then sends authentication user interface request 909 a to wirelessnetwork device 120. Wireless network device 120 returns “redirection toan authentication user interface” 908 b to mobile computing device 130.Mobile computing device 130 then sends authentication user interfacerequest 908 b, which is allowed to be transmitted to server 150. Server150 sends content of an authentication user interface 910 to mobilecomputing device 130. After server 150 sends content of anauthentication user interface 910 to mobile computing device 130,wireless network node 120 receives status of mobile computing device as“Logged-in” state 804 from server 150.

FIG. 13 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” statefrom server 150 after mobile computing device 130 receives response withcontent of an authentication user interface 910 from server 150. Mobilecomputing device 130 sends access request 801 to wireless network node120 and wireless network node 120 returns access request acknowledge 802to mobile computing device 130. Wireless network node 120 thendetermines the status of mobile computing device 130 in the wirelessnetwork database based on the MAC address of mobile computing device130. If the MAC address of mobile computing device 130 is notidentified, wireless network node 120 will send request for determiningstatus of mobile computing device 803 in the server database. Mobilecomputing device 130 sends Internet connectivity check 806 to wirelessnetwork node 120 and wireless network node 120 returns “redirection toan authentication user interface” 908 a to mobile computing device 130.Mobile computing device 130 then sends authentication user interfacerequest 909 a to wireless network device 120. Wireless network device120 returns “redirection to an authentication user interface” 908 b tomobile computing device 130. Mobile computing device 130 then sendsauthentication user interface request 90 b, which is allowed to betransmitted to server 150. Server 150 sends content of authenticationuser interface 910 to mobile computing device 130. After server 150sends content of an authentication user interface 910 to mobilecomputing device 130, wireless network node 120 receives status ofmobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” state 905 from server 150.

In a scenario illustrated in FIG. 12, content of an authentication userinterface 910 is transmitted to mobile computing device 130 beforewireless network node 120 receives status of mobile computing device as“Logged-in” state 804 from server 105. In this scenario web browser 700is redirected to the captive portal webpage before wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804from server 105 and the status of mobile computing device 130 is“Logged-in” state as the mobile computing device was authenticatedalready. Therefore, it is not desirable for the user of mobile computingdevice 130 to do the authentication again. However, the sequence ofresponse illustrated in FIG. 12 requires to the user to do theauthentication one more time even the status of mobile computing device130 is “Logged-in” state in the server database.

The workflow as illustrated in FIG. 4 with Step 405, wireless networknode 120 is able to wait for the status of mobile computing device to bereceived from server 150 before processing Internet connectivity check806, instead of processing Internet connectivity check 806 right afterreceiving it. By performing action of Step 405, web browser 700 will notbe redirected to the captive portal webpage when the status of mobilecomputing device 130 is “Logged-in” state in the server database.

FIG. 16 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804from server 150 before sending a predetermined value subject to anoperating system used by mobile computing device 130. Mobile computingdevice 130 sends access request 801 to wireless network node 120 andwireless network node 120 returns access request acknowledge 802 tomobile computing device 130. Wireless network node 120 then determinesthe status of mobile computing device 130 in the wireless networkdatabase based on the MAC address of mobile computing device 130. If theMAC address of mobile computing device 130 is not identified, wirelessnetwork node 120 will send request for determining status of mobilecomputing device 803 in the server database to sever 150.

Mobile computing device 130 will then transmit Internet connectivitycheck request 811 to a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) designated byvendor of mobile computing device 130 or vendor of an operating systemused by mobile computing device 130 via wireless network node 120. Whenwireless network note receives Internet connectivity check request 811,wireless network node 120 will wait for status of mobile computingdevice to be received from server 150, instead of sending redirection toan authentication user interface 908 a as illustrated in FIG. 12. Whenwireless network node 120 receives status of mobile computing device as“Logged-in” state 804 from server 150, wireless network node 120 thensends predetermined value 813 to mobile computing device 130 based onstatus of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804.

The URL that Internet connectivity check request 811 transmitted todepends on an operating system used by mobile computing device 130. Forexample, if the operating system used by mobile computing device 130 isIOS or MAC OS, Internet connectivity check request 811 is usuallytransmitted to URL of “www.apple.com/library/test/success.html”designated by Apple Inc. If the operating system used by mobilecomputing device 130 is Android or Chrome, Internet connectivity checkrequest 811 is usually transmitted to URL of“clients1.google.com/generate_204” designated by Google Inc. If theoperating system used by mobile computing device 130 is Windows orWindows Mobile, Internet connectivity check request 811 is usuallytransmitted to URL of “www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt” or“www.msftconnecttest.com/connecttest.txt” designated by Microsoft Inc.

Predetermined value 813 is prepared by vendor of wireless network node120, an administrator of wireless network node 120, a supplier of server150 or vendor of server 150 based on a corresponding response made bythe URL that Internet connectivity check request 811 is transmitted to.For example, the operating system used by mobile computing device 130 isIOS or MAC OS, predetermined value 813 is usually“<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Success</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>Success</BODY></HTML>”received from “www.apple.com/library/test/success.html”. If theoperating system used by mobile computing device 130 is Android orChrome, predetermined value 813 is usually HTTP header “HTTP/1.1 204 NoContent Content-Length: 0 Date: Tue, 9 May 2017 03:11:06 GMT Age: 0Connection: keep-alive” received from“clients1.google.com/generate_204”. If the operating system used bymobile computing device 130 is Windows or Windows Mobile, predeterminedvalue 813 is usually “Microsoft NCSI” received from“www.msftncsi.com/ncsi.txt” or“www.msftconnecttest.com/connecttest.txt”.

For one particular example, an operating system used by mobile computingdevice 130 does not have corresponding predetermined value 813, mobilecomputing device 130 will then be redirected to the captive portalwebpage.

The sequence of responses as illustrated in FIG. 16 reduces the chancefor redirecting mobile computing device 130 to the captive portalwebpage in comparison with sequence responses as illustrated in FIG. 12when the status of mobile computing device 130 is “Logged-in” state inthe server database because wireless network node 120 waits for statusof mobile computing device to be received from server 150.

FIG. 17 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Logged-in” state 804from server 150 and directs Internet connectivity check request 811received from mobile computing device 130 to a predetermineddestination. Mobile computing device 130 sends access request 801 towireless network node 120 and wireless network node 120 returns accessrequest acknowledge 802 to mobile computing device 130. Wireless networknode 120 then determines the status of mobile computing device 130 inthe wireless network database based on the MAC address of mobilecomputing device 130. If the MAC address of mobile computing device 130is not identified, wireless network node 120 will send request fordetermining status of mobile computing device 803 in the server databaseto sever 150.

Mobile computing device 130 will then transmit Internet connectivitycheck request 811 a to a predetermined destination or URL based on anoperating system used by mobile computing device 130, via wirelessnetwork node 120. When wireless network node 120 receives Internetconnectivity check request 811 a, wireless network node 120 will waitfor status of mobile computing device to be received from server 150.When wireless network node 120 receives status of mobile computingdevice as “Logged-in” state 804 from server 150, wireless network node120 directs Internet connectivity check request 811 b to thepredetermined destination. The predetermined destination will returnInternet connectivity check response 812 a to wireless network node 120.Wireless network node 120 will then direct Internet connectivity checkresponse 812 b to mobile computing device 130. Internet connectivitycheck response 812 a and 812 b may be a binary, a string, a character ora text.

The sequence of responses as illustrated in FIG. 17 will reduce thechance for redirecting mobile computing device 130 to the captive portalwebpage in comparison with sequence responses as illustrated in FIG. 12because wireless network node 120 waits for status of mobile computingdevice to be received from server 150.

One of the benefits of sequence of responses of FIG. 16 is shorterresponse time for mobile computing device 130 to receive predeterminedvalue 813 from wireless network node 120, in comparison with receivingInternet connectivity check response 812 a and 812 b from thepredetermined destination. It is because predetermined value 813 hasalready cached in wireless network node 120.

FIG. 18 is a sequence diagram for a scenario that wireless network node120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Not Logged-in” state905 from server 150 before sending redirection to an authentication userinterface 908 a. Mobile computing device 130 sends access request 801 towireless network node 120 and wireless network node 120 returns accessrequest acknowledge 802 to mobile computing device 130. Wireless networknode 120 then determines the status of mobile computing device 130 inthe wireless network database based on the MAC address of mobilecomputing device 130. If the MAC address of mobile computing device 130is not identified, wireless network node 120 will send request fordetermining status of mobile computing device 803 in the server databaseto sever 150.

When wireless network node 120 receives Internet connectivity checkrequest 811, wireless network node will wait for status of mobilecomputing device to be received from server 150. When wireless networknode 120 receives status of mobile computing device as “Not Logged-in”state from server 150, wireless network node 120 then sends redirectionto an authentication user interface 908 a to mobile computing device130. Mobile computing device 130 sends authentication user interfacerequest 909 a to wireless network device 120. Wireless network device120 returns “redirection to an authentication user interface” 908 b tomobile computing device 130. Mobile computing device 130 then sendsauthentication user interface request 90 b, which is allowed to betransmitted to server 150. Server 150 sends content of authenticationuser interface 910 to mobile computing device 130.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for processing data packetsoriginated from a mobile computing device to destinations at a wirelessnetwork node, comprising: A) receiving an access request from the mobilecomputing device for transmission of the data packets to thedestinations; B) determining an identifier of the mobile computingdevice; C) determining whether the identifier is identified in awireless network node database; D) when the identifier is identified inthe wireless network node database: a) determining whether status of themobile computing device is a first state or a second state; b) when thestatus of the mobile computing device is the first state and when themobile computing device is successfully authenticated, allowing themobile computing device to transmit the data packets to the destinationsthrough the wireless network node using a wireless local area network(WLAN) connection; and c) when the status of the mobile computing deviceis the second state, redirecting the mobile computing device to performan authentication; and E) when the identifier is not identified in thewireless network node database: a) suspending processing of the datapackets received from the mobile computing device; b) communicating,based on the identifier, with a server to determine whether the statusof the mobile computing device in a server database is the first state;c) when the status of the mobile computing device in the server databaseis the first state: i) updating, based on the identifier, the status ofthe mobile computing device in the wireless network node database withthe first state; and ii) when the mobile computing device issuccessfully authenticated, allowing the mobile computing device totransmit the data packets to the destinations through the wirelessnetwork node using the WLAN connection; and d) when the status of themobile computing device in the server database is not the first state:i) updating, based on the identifier, the status of the mobile computingdevice in the wireless network node database with the second state; andii) redirecting the mobile computing device to perform theauthentication; wherein: the first state indicates the mobile computingdevice is successfully authenticated; the second state indicates themobile computing device is not successfully authenticated; and themobile computing device is connected to the wireless network node viathe WLAN connection.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: whenthe authentication is successful, updating the status of the mobilecomputing device with the first state in the wireless network nodedatabase and allowing the mobile computing device to transmit the datapackets to the destinations upon a successful authentication.
 3. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: not allowing the mobile computingdevice to transmit the data packets to the destinations when theauthentication is unsuccessful.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: returning an access request acknowledgement to the mobilecomputing device after receiving the access request; wherein the mobilecomputing device includes at least one web browser.
 5. The method ofclaim 4, wherein the at least one web browser is redirected to a captiveportal webpage for a user of the mobile computing device to perform theauthentication.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the captive portalwebpage includes multiple social media links for the user of the mobilecomputing device to select to perform the authentication.
 7. The methodof claim 6, wherein the authentication is performed at the captiveportal webpage by manually entering a registered username and passwordfor one of the multiple social media links selected by the user.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising: receiving one or more Internetconnectivity checks from the mobile computing device; wherein theidentifier is a Media Access Control (MAC) address of the mobilecomputing device.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:discarding one or more Internet connectivity checks received from themobile computing device until receiving the status of the mobilecomputing device from the server; wherein the first state relates to anidentity of a user of the mobile computing device being successfullyauthenticated.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: waiting toreceive the status of the mobile computing device from the server;wherein the second state relates to an identity of a user of the mobilecomputing device not being successfully authenticated.
 11. A wirelessnetwork node for processing data packets originated from a mobilecomputing device to destinations, comprising: at least one networkinterface; at least one processing unit; at least one main memory; andat least one non-transitory computer readable medium storing programinstructions executable by the at least one processing unit andconfigured to cause the at least one processing unit to perform: A)receiving an access request from the mobile computing device fortransmission of the data packets to the destinations; B) determining anidentifier of the mobile computing device; C) determining whether theidentifier is identified in a wireless network node database; D) whenthe identifier is identified in the wireless network node database: a)determining whether status of the mobile computing device is a firststate or a second state; b) when the status of the mobile computingdevice is the first state and when the mobile computing device issuccessfully authenticated, allowing the mobile computing device totransmit the data packets to the destinations through the wirelessnetwork node using a wireless local area network (WLAN) connection; andc) when the status of the mobile computing device is the second state,redirecting the mobile computing device to perform an authentication;and E) when the identifier is not identified in the wireless networknode database: a) suspending processing of the data packets receivedfrom the mobile computing device; b) communicating, based on theidentifier, with a server to determine whether the status of the mobilecomputing device in a server database is the first state; c) when thestatus of the mobile computing device in the server database is thefirst state: i) updating, based on the identifier, the status of themobile computing device in the wireless network node database with thefirst state; and ii) when the mobile computing device is successfullyauthenticated, allowing the mobile computing device to transmit the datapackets to the destinations through the wireless network node using theWLAN connection; and d) when the status of the mobile computing devicein the server database is not the first state: i) updating, based on theidentifier, the status of the mobile computing device in the wirelessnetwork node database with the second state; and ii) redirecting themobile computing device to perform the authentication; wherein:  thefirst state indicates the mobile computing device is successfullyauthenticated;  the second state indicates the mobile computing deviceis not successfully authenticated; and  the mobile computing device isconnected to the wireless network node via the WLAN connection.
 12. Thewireless network node of claim 11, wherein the at least onenon-transitory computer readable medium further comprises programinstructions executable by the at least one processing unit andconfigured to cause the at least one processing unit to perform: whenthe authentication is successful, updating the status of the mobilecomputing device with the first state in the mobile computing networknode database and allowing the wireless device to transmit the datapackets to the destinations upon a successful authentication.
 13. Thewireless network node of claim 11, wherein the at least onenon-transitory computer readable medium further comprises programinstructions executable by the at least one processing unit andconfigured to cause the at least one processing unit to perform: notallowing the mobile computing device to transmit the data packets to thedestinations when the authentication is unsuccessful.
 14. The wirelessnetwork node of claim 11, wherein the at least one non-transitorycomputer readable medium further comprises program instructionsexecutable by the at least one processing unit and configured to causethe at least one processing unit to perform: returning an access requestacknowledgement to the mobile computing device after receiving theaccess request; wherein the mobile computing device includes at leastone web browser.
 15. The wireless network node of claim 14, wherein theat least one web browser is redirected to a captive portal webpage for auser of the mobile computing device to perform the authentication. 16.The wireless network node of claim 15, wherein the captive portalwebpage includes multiple social media links for the user of the mobilecomputing device to select to perform the authentication.
 17. Thewireless network node of claim 16, wherein the authentication isperformed at the captive portal webpage by manually entering aregistered username and password for one of the multiple social medialinks selected by the user.
 18. The wireless network node of claim 11,wherein the at least one non-transitory computer readable medium furthercomprises program instructions executable by the at least one processingunit and configured to cause the at least one processing unit toperform: receiving one or more Internet connectivity checks from themobile computing device; wherein the identifier is a Media AccessControl (MAC) address of the mobile computing device.
 19. The wirelessnetwork node of claim 11, wherein the at least one non-transitorycomputer readable medium further comprises program instructionsexecutable by the at least one processing unit and configured to causethe at least one processing unit to perform: discarding one or moreInternet connectivity checks received from the mobile computing deviceuntil receiving the status of the mobile computing device from theserver; wherein the first state relates to an identity of a user of themobile computing device being successfully authenticated.
 20. Thewireless network node of claim 11, wherein the at least onenon-transitory computer readable medium further comprises programinstructions executable by the at least one processing unit andconfigured to cause the at least one processing unit to perform: waitingto receive the status of the mobile computing device from the server;wherein the second state relates to an identity of a user of the mobilecomputing device not being successfully authenticated.